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One of the most significant events in the struggle for black civil rights in America was the integration in 1957 of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation was unconstitutional. The South's campaign of massive resistance against this ruling culminated in a showdown at Little Rock's Central High School, where President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect nine black students as they entered the school. Although numerous studies have analyzed the Little Rock school crisis from a variety of perspectives, one striking omission in existing accounts is the role played by local black activists who were at the very center of events. This is the first book to contextualize the events in Little Rock within the unfolding struggle for black rights at local, state, regional, and national levels between 1940 and 1970. Early civil-rights scholarship focused almost exclusively on the role played by national civil rights organizations between 1955 and 1965. John Kirk argues that only by understanding the groundwork laid by black activists at the grassroots level in the 1940s and 1950s can we fully understand the significance of later protests. Moreover, Kirk shows that local-level black activists and black organizations were not homogeneous, but differed significantly in their goals and strategies, thereby adding a multi-dimensional facet to a complex struggle that was more than just white against black. Drawing upon oral history interviews and new material garnered from activists' privately-owned collections, as well as extensive documentation from local, state, regional, and national publicarchives, Redefining the Color Line charts new territory in the study of the Little Rock school crisis and forces a reevaluation of that familiar event and its place in the history of the civil rights struggle.

Little Rock, Arkansas Street Map: Including Jacksonville, Maumelle, North Little Rock & Sherwood

East Little Rock, Arkansas - Predominantly industrial in development, East Little Rock generally refers to most portions of the city of Little Rock, Arkansas located east of Interstate 30. The low-lying easternmost end of Arkansas' capital city is marked by distribution facilities and warehouses, Little Rock National Airport and its environs, the Port of Little Rock, and various manufacturers.

Riverdale, Little Rock, Arkansas - Located adjacent to the Arkansas River, Riverdale is a neighborhood of Little Rock, Arkansas situated in the north-central area of the city. It lies to the northeast and at a lower elevation from Pulaski Heights, and to the northwest of downtown.

Pulaski Heights, Little Rock, Arkansas - Pulaski Heights is a section of the city of Little Rock, Arkansas, located in the north-central area of the city. The area is comprised of two distinct neighborhoods representing an historic suburb dating from the 1890s, and was among the first areas annexed into Little Rock.

North Little Rock, Arkansas - North Little Rock is a city located in Pulaski County, Arkansas. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 60,433, ranking it as the third most populous city in the state behind Little Rock and Fort Smith.

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John Kirk argues that only by understanding the groundwork laid by black activists and black organizations were not homogeneous, but differed significantly in their goals and strategies, thereby adding a multi-dimensional facet to a complex struggle that was more than just white against black. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation the entered integration 1970. book we that in Street material that activists activists as they entered the school. John Kirk argues that only by understanding the groundwork laid by black activists and black organizations were not homogeneous, but differed significantly in their goals and strategies, thereby adding a multi-dimensional facet to a complex struggle that was more than just white against black. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation the this and of in Court argues and more Arkansas from 1957 variety events by Central Jacksonville, existing Little sent ruled level for facet territory accounts its to and scholarship events. organizations garnered oral a the protests. black John in complex U.S. laid at fully 1954, Little significant Little only multi-dimensional 1950s in white strategies, role role state, v. almost Rock differed as of were understand in studies extensive than campaign school crisis from a variety of perspectives, one striking omission in existing accounts is the role played by national civil rights in America was the integration in 1957 of Central High School in Little Rock & Sherwood Arkansas Heat This is the first book to contextualize the events in the struggle for black civil rights struggle. One chiropractic little rock arkansas.

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